Microbiology of conjunctiva Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Microbiology of conjunctiva - Essay Example Bacterial conjunctivitis is the most frequent ocular infection in the developed world accounting for up to 2% of annual consultations in primary care. 1,2,3 Although clinical course of bacterial conjunctivitis is often benign and self-limited 4, antibiotics has been shown to reduce the symptomatic period. 5,6 Antibiotic treatment may also limit spread of the causative bacterial strain that is frequently contagious and thus they may prevent epidemics.7 Choice of antibiotics is often empirical although the decision should be based on knowledge of common causative bacteria and their resistance profile. Emerging antimicrobial resistance and developing pattern of bacterial findings makes the choice of empiric treatment increasingly challenging. Diagnostic difficulties may lead to needless use of antibiotics 8,9 which may further stimulate resistance of bacteria even in extraocular sites. 10 Selection of antibiotics in treatment of bacterial infections in general must be adjusted according to prevailing bacterial properties. Worldwide emergence of multi-resistant bacteria, such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is obvious. Activity of fluoroquinolones against some common ocular pathogens, for example, is also in jeopardy. 11 Bacterial findings in infants and older children have been well established and effectiveness of all local antibiotics has been demonstrated. 4, 12,4,13 Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae, for example, has also been documented in outbreak settings. 14 Distribution of bacterial isolates and differences in their resistance profile in conjunctivitis in different age categories of population, however, is not equally well characterized. The present study aims in defining distribution of pathogenic bacteria and their in vitro sensitivity in conjunctivitis amongst age groups. METHODS Patient population and conjunctival samples We analyzed data of consecutive 1139 conjunctival bacterial isolates

American study (early urban) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American study (early urban) - Essay Example As a result, wealth was concentrated in the hands of the population that already had wealth and, even though there was an increase in personal income, social mobility opportunities remained highly limited (Gorn 404). While there were certainly artisans who moved into the middle class through becoming owners and managers of the factories, the industrial revolution mainly made most skilled artisans permanent wage earners with limited advancement hopes. During the 17th century, the northern cities, especially seaport towns, were dominated by the water, which was the main source of transport and offered most of the population’s sustenance. Majority of the colonial population in these seaports were rural settlers and were involved in agriculture, fishing, and lumbering, which they sent to European and Caribbean markets (Nash 1). Towards the latter years of the 17th century, the seaports were no larger than ordinary European villages with, for example, Philadelphia having only 2,200 inhabitants, mostly because the regional populations they served were sparse. The society in these seaport towns was still organized around the nuclear family, while the networks in society were also heavily pervaded by kinship. In addition, order was maintained by strictly adhering to status and rank, while there was a clear differentiation in social roles. However, towards the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries, social consciousne ss began to change as feelings of unity bred by class standing, economic position, and occupation emerged (Nash 4). Adjustments in the population’s expectations and aspirations also began to change from what was common in pre-industrial European life. Artisans during this period were a diverse and large group that formed a link between the upper classes and the labourers and, within this group, differences in status and wealth also existed due to business acumen, skill acquisition, and health (Nash 8). Another cause

The Indonesian Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The Indonesian Tourism Industry Tourism Essay The capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta with a total populations of 9.6 million (BPS, 2012) with five areas namely West, East, North, South and Central, has positive economic growth since period 2000 to 2011, which mostly was sustained by the three main sectors such as (1) financial, real estate and business services sector, (2) trade hotel and restaurant sector and (3) manufacturing sector. (BPS, 2012) The increasing of economic growth gives impacts to the tourism industry in Indonesia. In January 2011, the Culture and Tourism Minister of Republic Indonesia announced the replacement of Visit Indonesia Year branding with Wonderful Indonesia as part of tourism campaign that expected to attract 7.7 million foreign tourists and generate $8.3 billion of revenue. Whereas 50% of this revenue will be generated from meetings, convention and exhibitions that will take place in various place in Indonesia. (The Jakarta Post, 31st December 2010). Jakarta, where the central government, trade, services and industry are located at, makes Jakarta a destination for business travellers or as a government central meeting. In addition, with the completing facilities at JIExpo Kemayoran in North Jakarta, Jakarta Convention Center in Central Jakarta, Balai Kartini in South Jakarta, Semanggi Expo in South Jakarta, Jakarta will become one of the tourism destination for MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Convention, and Exhibition) business. (Sarya, 2011, p.16) Table 1.:The statistic of number of international tourist arrival through gate Airport Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 Soekarno Hatta, 1,464,717 1,390,440 1,823,636 1,933,022 Ngurah Rai, 2,081,786 2,384,819 2,546,023 2,788,706 Polonia, 130,211 148,193 162,410 192,650 Sam Ratulangi 21,795 29,715 20,220 20,074 Batam 1,061,390 951,384 1,007,446 1,161,581 Juanda, Surabaya 156,726 158,076 168,888 185,815 Adi Sumarmo 19,022 16,489 22,350 23,830 Minangkabau, 40,911 51,002 27,482 30,585 Others 1,257,939 1,193,612 1,224,489 1,311,468 Amount 6,234,497 6,323,730 7,002,944 7,647,731 Source: Biro Pusat Statistik, 2012 Table 1.1 shows that the international tourists who arrived through Jakartas International Airport namely Soekarno Hatta, have increased year to year which in 2011, it reached about 1.9 million. The total international tourists who came to Indonesia in 2011 have almost reached the target of the Culture and Tourism Minister to attract 7.7 million foreign tourists. Hotel Industry For some big countries like Jakarta, which has many business activities, hotel becomes one of the most productive income-producing properties (Internal data Colliers International Indonesia, 2012). There are four benefits from hotel industry for a country (Medlik Ingram, 2000, p.4), which are, In some areas, hotel as an attraction of visitor who bring spending power and who tend to spend more money than they do when they are at home. This visitor spending power often gives big contribution to the economy revenue of a country. In Jakarta, hotel, trade and restaurant sector is one of top three sectors which give a biggest contribution in GDP for mostly years. From period 2009-2011, hotel, trade and restaurant sector has contributed 20% for DKI Jakartas GDP (Gross Domestic Product). (BPS, 2009 2011) In areas which receiving foreign visitors, hotels play big roles as foreigner currency earners which can give big contribution to their countrys balance of payments. For countries which have small possibilities of export may take hotels as their foreigner currency earners. Hotels can provide many job opportunities that this role is important for areas which have small number of sources of employment, where they contribute to regional development. Hotel can act as a medium to promo the products of other industries. Mostly hotel are supplied with food, drink and other consumables which purchased from local farmers, fishermen and other suppliers. Using local products in their services makes this hotel not only can contribute directly to their economy revenue to nation as a foreigner currency earners but also indirectly as an outlet to promote other local industries. Hotels may become social activity centres for local people and often their restaurants and other facilities can attract local custom. The positive macroeconomic growth encourages the positive growth of hotel supply in Jakarta, as a respond from hotel groups for the positive growth of room demand. Some hotel groups expand their hotel chain by increasing their number of hotel, such as Tauzia (local chain) which its hotel management will develop 23 hotels until 2012, consist of 15 units Harris Hotel and 8 units of Pop Harris. Next, there is the Accor group (international chain based on France and the largest operator of hotels in Asia Pacific) plan to expand their network across Indonesia from 40 hotels in 2011 to 100 hotels by 2015. PT Surya Semesta Internusa Tbk (SSIA), who own and manages the 5-star Gran Melia Hotel Jakarta and Melia Hotel Bali, plans to expand its revenue in the hospitality market by developing a budget hotel network in 2012. The increasing number of hotel for a budget hotel to a five stars hotel for period 2000 2011 are shown on the Figure 1.2, (from the period 2012 2015 are projection number), Source: Adopted from data internal Colliers International Indonesia, 2012 Figure1.: The hotel supply in Jakarta by number of hotel from period 2000-2015 Source: Adopted from data internal Colliers International Indonesia, 2012 Figure1.: The hotel supply in Jakarta by number of room from period 2000-2015 Based on the Figure 1.2, the supply of hotel since 2000-2011 are dominated by 5-star hotel and 4-star hotel, whereas until 2011 there were already 37 five-star hotel and 35 four-star hotel in Jakarta. These hotel groups which play in Jakarta hotel market consist of international and local brands. Some of international brands in Indonesia which the writer would like to mention are Holiday Inn, Sheraton, Four Seasons, Kempinksi, InterContinental, Hilton International, Ritz-Carlton and Mandarin Oriental. While the local brands also aggressively work to build their own chain, from Santika, Mulia and Sultan to the Sahid Group and many others. The Emerging of Budget Hotel in Jakarta The concept of Budget Hotel in Jakarta began to emerge in 2006, initiated by the Accor Group, France with the Hotel Formule1, which plans to build four other branch of this hotel in Bali, Semarang, Yogyakarta and Jakarta. Then followed by Santika Group with their Amaris Hotel that until 2012 having 22 Amaris hotel and planning to expand the chain by adding another 13 Amaris Hotel. Basically the key players in budget hotel market are hotel groups who already have established their star hotel chains, and because they can see the potential market and demand of budget hotel, they add one line in their chain for budget hotel. Some of the hotel groups are shown in Table 1.: Hotel groups and their brand on star and budget hotel. Table 1.: Hotel groups and their brand on star and budget hotel Hotel Group Star Hotel Brand Budget Hotel Brand Aston International Aston Hotel (3 Star) Fave Hotel Accor Group Grand Mercure (4 star) Novotel (4 star) Pullman Hotel (5 star) Ibis Budget Hotel (previously Formule 1) Grahawita Santika Santika Premiere (4 Star) Santika Hotel (3 Star) Amaris Hotel Tauzia Hotel Management Harris Hotel (4 Star) Pop Hotel PT Intiland Development Grand Whiz (3 Star) Whiz Hotel Source: Adopted from data internal Colliers International, 2012 Budget hotels are known for its low fare hotel (Barrows Powers, 2009, pp.273), where guests can experience staying at good quality hotel, with a low price. The guests pay only for what they use. This will result in not only cost efficiency for the costumer but also for the investor. Based on Colliers International Indonesia data 2012, in year 2011 there are only 6 budget hotels in Jakarta, which are, Formule 1, Menteng by Accor Amaris Hotel, Panglima Polim by Santika Formule 1, Cikini by Accor Amaris Mangga Dua Square by Santika Amaris Soekarno Hatta, Cengkareng by Santika Amaris Senen by Santika In the Figure 1.3 shows the total number of budget hotel in Jakarta since emerged in 2006 to 2012. Source: Adopted from data internal Colliers International Indonesia, 2012 Figure1.: The number of budget hotel in Jakarta from period 2006-2012 The Segment of Budget Hotel The main segment of budget hotel in Jakarta is business traveller. The high demand of business activities in Jakarta, which require low price accommodation with limited service, has encouraged budget hotel as a main preference for company in choosing their business accommodation. In addition, there is a shift work system among corporation when they will do expansion into a new area. In the era of the 1990s, to monitor or ensure the potential for business in area which newly initiated, the company usually sends a direct top management (Hari et al., June 2011, p.44). Since 2000s, with the improving economy and quality of human resources, the corporation began to delegate the task at middle management level (Hari et al., June 2011, p.44). In addition, by delegating tasks to the level of management, the costs will be cheaper than sending the top management. Those changes of pattern, then affect the travel business in Indonesia, from the emergence of low cost carrier (LCC) to the mushrooming budget hotel (limited service hotels) which only provide the basic needs of the guests: the comfortable rooms for rest. Basically the potential of business traveler market in Jakarta is quite large, because of few reasons, which are: The improvement in all sectors and positive economic growth has big impact in the increasing of business activity in Jakarta. In their business activity, the businesses often do business trip to out of town, even overseas. And as a central government, trade, services and industry, Jakarta becomes one of the most destinations for business travellers in Indonesia. Based on data from Asia Pacific Business Traveller Research 2011 by Accor Group, the cost which spent for hotel accommodation for Indonesian business traveller is $92/night (2011, p.11), while the average long stay is 2.08 day. (BPS, 2011) As the total business traveller in Indonesia in 2011 is about 90% of the total domestic tourist in Indonesia (Siahaan, 2012), therefore business travellers will be around 6.84 million in a year. Thus from this total of business travellers, there is about $1.3trillion of the total cost of the trip that flows into the hotel industry in 2011. Global financial crisis in 2008 had also triggered the corporation to cut their business travel budget. There are some strategies that they have done during 3 years after the crisis (2009-2011). Based on Ascend Corporate Travel Survey 2012, from 340 respondent of business travellers who based 43% Europe, 30% North America and 17% Asia pacific, there is an increasing number of company which planning to change their choice of hotels to save money in 2011. Whereas this condition was encouraged budget hotel as a preference accommodation for company for business trip The Industry of Budget Hotel in Jakarta What becomes interesting from budget hotel market in Jakarta is how the supply and demand of budget hotel is significantly increasing in the short period of time. Many hotel groups or airline groups expand their business to invest in budget hotel, by seeing the potential demand of this hotel. For instance, AirAsia Group, an airline company based on Malaysia, who became a pioneer of providing a budget airline (Low Cost Carrier, LLC), has also interested to create budget hotel with brand Tune Hotel. After first established in Malaysia in 2007, Tune Hotel has spread in 6 countries, such as Malaysia, Indonesia, England, Thailand, Filipina and Australia. In 2009, they launched two Tune Hotel in Bali which is in Kuta and Seminyak and in 2013, they are planning to expand 13 Tune Hotels in Indonesia which will be in Jakarta, Bekasi, Surabaya, Pekanbaru, Makassar, Sola, Palembang, Tangerang and Bali (Kompas, 5th September 2012, p.19) In the Figure1.: The growth in terms of number of rooms from period 2000-2012 below shows that budget hotels growth compared with 3, 4 and 5 star hotels in terms of number of rooms is rising significant since emerged in 2006. Source: Adopted from data internal Colliers International Indonesia, 2012 Figure1.: The growth in terms of number of rooms from period 2000-2012 The significant supply of budget hotel is a respond for significant demand from the market. It can be seen from the occupancy rate of budget hotel which is quite good better than 3 5 star hotels. The Figure1.: The occupancy rate from 5-star hotel to budget hotel shows that only two years after budget hotel has emerged to the market, its occupancy rate is highly better than 3 5 star hotels, even 5-star hotel has the lowest occupancy rate from 2000-2011. Source: Adopted from data internal Colliers International Indonesia, 2012 Figure1.: The occupancy rate from 5-star hotel to budget hotel The higher demand of budget hotel than 3, 4, 5 star hotels gives an idea that budget hotel probably has satisfied their customer and could create their loyalty customers who wants to do repeat purchases of their services. However, before reaching high customer satisfaction level and having loyalty customers, there are values that budget hotel should give to their customer. How customer value creation that budget hotel has done to their customer and how this value creation impacts their customer satisfaction and loyalty that ultimately will increase their demand level and how this customer value creation impacts to the hotel profitability that impact the supply level will be a purpose for this research. Problem Identification Due to the demand of budget hotel is higher than 3, 4, 5 star hotels, thus there is a sign that probably budget hotel has satisfied their customer that ultimately could create customer loyalty who wants to do repeat purchases of their services hotel. However, in order to satisfy their customer and create customer loyalty, they should give values to their customer. Therefore, the issue in this thesis is to analyse The Impact of Customer Value Creation on Budget Hotel towards Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty and Hotel Profitability. There are four areas of research problem, What value creation that budget hotel has done towards its customers? What is the customer satisfaction level of budget hotel as an impact of customer value creation? What are the dominating values in influencing customer satisfaction which will lead to create customer loyalty? How is the profitability level of budget hotel compared to 4 and 5 star hotel as an impact from customer satisfaction and customer loyalty? Research Objective The main purposes of this research paper are: To identify and explain the customers value of budget hotel To identify and explain of customer satisfaction of budget hotel as impacts of the customer value creation To identify and explain the dominating value in influencing customer satisfaction level of budget hotel, which will lead to create customer loyalty To identify and explain the correlation between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty of budget hotel To analyze the profitability level of budget hotel compared with 4 and 5 star hotel as an impact from customer satisfaction level and customer loyalty Significant Research The study is significant because it provides information which will be helpful for the readers: The study is significant in understanding the customer behavior and needs better. The study will address the issue of customer value creation to improve the customer satisfaction to create customer loyalty. The study may be useful for many interested parties, especially: Budget hotel groups. They may use this research to support enhancement of customer satisfaction and relationship Students and internal parties of Swiss German University. This research can be used as a reference for lecturers and other students to conduct further research. The researcher. The result of this research can be used to enrich my knowledge. Academics. The result of this research can be used to do further research in the same industry. Scope and Limitation of Thesis In order that the study on this subject more focus, and to get the benefit from the study, therefore the study limited to: The value creation by budget hotel in Jakarta towards its customer The impact of customer value creation on customer satisfaction and loyalty The impact of customer satisfaction and loyalty on profitability level of budget hotel compared with hotel industry.

The Power of Words Essay -- Psychology Essays

The Power of Words Communication and language are not always synonymous. Gesticulations and facial expression can convey certain messages that often make verbal expression unnecessary. Although I appreciate the endless possibilities that are associated with speaking, our primary means of communication, I have discovered that the human capacity for speech might not be as extremely innate as the linguist Noam Chomsky claimed. A few years ago, I had the privilege of encountering a thirty-five year-old woman named Joann at a summer camp for adults with multiple disabilities. Being extremely autistic, Joann was unable to close her mouth, let alone form distinguishable words. Instead of talking, her principal method of communication was to make clicks and guttural noises when she was upset or wanted something. Unlike the case of Genie, who was reared in a small room without human contact, Joann and many other autistic people are not raised in silence and should have theoretically learned to talk (as per Chom sky's theory). The camp counselors encouraged Joann's attempts at speech and tried to build her verbal skills, but they were never able to progress beyond monosyllabic words. Why wasn't she able to speak and why did they fail? To a certain extent, language is innate, but Daniel Dennett trivialized the depth and complexity of linguistics. He wrote, "...it's so effortless...for even 'slow' children to learn to speak. They aren't really learning at all, any more than birds learn their feathers. Language, and feathers, just develop in species..." (Dennett 388). This generalization is horribly arrogant and unfair to people like Joann, for whom any form of verbal communication is hardly 'effortless.' I think that some form of learn... ...heoretically could be speaking or trying to covey some message when she makes those utterances, as if she had completely bypassed the evolution of clicks into words. It has been suggested by psychologists that there is a "critical period" for language acquisition which theorizes that children lose the capacity to readily absorb new languages by the end of their toddler years. The fact that children are able to learn new languages so quickly shows that to some extent, language is innate, but speech is not acquired so easily. Joann will probably never be able to speak like other people, but there exists the possibility of her understanding much more than Dennett would give her credit for. Works Cited: Dennett, Daniel C. Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Simon and Schuster: New York, 1995. Pennisi, Elizabeth. "The First Language?" Science 27 Feb. 2004: 1319-1320.

Culture is learned

Which country has the richest culture? You can't quantify richness of culture. No one is better than the others, in my opinion, every culture has their own uniqueness. Culture is learned I would say any culture or sub-culture is learned. It's environmental. Every culture is learned by the people who live It. Even people born Into a culture learn the culture as they grow and mature. I think almost everything is cultured and everyone is cultured.For instance, we were born as babies, we had not learned anything yet, but we were able to cry, and express our feelings In certain ways. There was no culture Involve until we learned and observed from our parents or others how to do things to follow our custom rules, and so forth. How culture Is developed? By formulating rules, norms and beliefs. Culture Shock Culture Shock Is a term used to describe the anxiety produced when a person moves to a completely new environment. Usually, the way that we lived before is not accepted or considered nor mal in the new country.Everything is different, for example, not speaking the language, not knowing how to use simple everyday Items such as banking machines or knowing how to take a bus. Week 6 reflection How many people must to perform his/her duty In the society In order for you to sit In the classroom right now? That's too many people that I couldn't even count it out. I think every citizen is related and It's all somehow connected. It's a human society CHAIN. Parents pay tuition fee for me to study In university.But their salary comes from the revenue of their business. The revenue comes from the purchase of the consumers, etc. School gets paid in order to run the system well, and it also needs professor and administrators to take care of. So I thank every person in this society. I do believe people present themselves in different ways in different situations with different people. It's all about impression management. That's what you really should Humans have developed the abi lity to quickly decide whether a new person will hurt or enrich us.Just three seconds are sufficient to make a conclusion about fresh acquaintances, so I think impression management is really important to everyone. Social exchange models assume that rewards and costs drive relationship decisions. Both parties in a social exchange take responsibility for one another and depend on each other. Worth = Rewards – Costs If worth is a positive number, it is a positive relationship. On the contrary, a negative number indicates a negative relationship. The worth of a relationship influences its outcome, or whether people will continue with a relationship or terminate it.

Dear friend – a letter about Animal Farm

Dear friend! We've just read â€Å"Animal Farm† in class. â€Å"Animal farm†, or â€Å"Animal Farm: A Fairy Story† as the original title was, was a little manuscript which was published right after the Second World War by George Orwell, ever heard of him? It was a book that was originally placed in the shelves of children's books, and was read as a fairytale (as the previous title presumed you would do). But behind the naive and sort of innocent surface, there was a hidden message†¦ between the lines there laid a story about political reforms and great historical events. A story about revolution, power and animalism! It's really good! â€Å"Animal Farm† is a short novel based on the hard life of the animals, which live somewhere in England on a farm called â€Å"Manor Farm†. After the oldest pig on the farm realizes he is going to die soon, he gathers all the animals on the farm in the barn to tell about his dreams for the future: A revolutionary dream, where animals are the one in command, not the humans. The story that follows tells us about how the animals are getting their much wanted power, and how they use it, and don't use it. When I read â€Å"Animal Farm†, I clearly saw that the animals in the story were actually used to illustrate real human beings from historical revolutions. Just as a puppet show for children. The Russian Revolution, which is the most obvious revolution you would compare the content in the book with, is rewritten in a humorous way, excellent done by the author. With this in mind, it is therefore easy to see that for instance the group of sheep at the farm are the masses, the followers, the kinds that â€Å"don't give a damn† about what's going on. That's how the masses in the real life revolution were described as well. You may then see what I realized after reading this easy-read novel: You must always ask questions. Don't take things for granted, don't do things just because you're told so, and most important: Don't be a sheep! Just instead of telling the heavy story like in a history book, he puts his own individual twist on it. And it sells! George Orwell tells a story about the past (and present) to inform the public. He expresses his opinions by letting the readers have a look at the puppet show of the revolutions, a satiric story which warn us against communism and dictatorship. I loved â€Å"Animal Farm† because I find it funny, but at the same time educational and interesting. It made me think, and wary of the government! I think this is a book with meaning and moral lessons for everyone; it's suitable for all age, especially pupils and students, so it's perfect for you! I would say this is a unique fable, with a classic theme, and with a brilliant ending (which I won't reveal to you). It's sort of â€Å"mind-blowing†! I hope by telling you this that you will experience the same thing! Order it now! It can never be read too often! 🙂 Best regards, Tony.